nürburgring for dummies
(original 2002 version)
<christopher AT heiser DOT net>
May 1st, 2024
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Despite masterfully winning a Formula One race there, Jackie Stewart dubbed it "The Green Hell". For those who know of it, the Nürburgring Nordschleife (or Northern Loop) is the Mecca of racing enthusiasts. Nestled among the Eifel mountains of western Germany, this 13-mile track has stood as the ultimate test of driver and machine since its construction in the late 1920's. It is arguably the most difficult and dangerous track anywhere in the world--and it's open to the public! God bless the Germans.

This magnificent track features sweeping curves, variable surfaces, dramatic climbs and drops, and a back straight over a mile long. There truly is nothing like it anywhere else in the world. There are other tracks, but there is only one Nürburgring.

So, you've heard of the track? Perhaps seen a video or two? Maybe you've got a friend who's been there? Thinking of going yourself? Well, this guide is for you. It's designed especially for the traveler from outside Europe (e.g. Yanks) yearning for a few days of truly unforgettable driving excitement.


Contents

Nürburgring at a glance

For some reason, track maps never really communicate what's really going on, but it's a start. Click on the image for a higher resolution version.

As you can see from the map, the northern loop is actually connected to the GP circuit which replaced the Südschleife (Southern Loop). The GP circuit was constructed following the fiery crash of Nikki Lauda in 1976. Fittingly, the circuit is one of the safest in the world. And just to the north...the Green Hell.

You'll find the track sometimes written without the umlaut over the first 'u' (i.e. "Nurburgring") or sometimes with the 'u' replaced by 'ue' (i.e. "Nuerburgring") as this is a phonetic spelling of the word when the 'ü' can't be written (like in US-ASCII, used for URLs). Most just call it: the 'ring.

The ring itself is located in around the Nürburg castle in the town of Nürburg. It's one of many small towns in and around the 'ring. Nurburg is located in northeast Germany and should not be confused with the famous Nürnberg, in the south (Bavaria), which was the site for the trials by the same name at the end of World War II.

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Facts and resources

The word around the paddock is that the Nordschleife sees about one fatality per week, most of these are motorcyclists who put themselves at greater peril than automotive pilots. For nearly the entire track the Armco is only a few feet past the curbs. A mistake is difficult to correct, and a big one means that you're crashing. All the more reason to read up on the track before you hit the paddock.

Our successful trip and this guide would not have been possible for several excellent websites and groups listed below:

  • Ben Lovejoy's Site -- I can't possibly say enough good things about Ben's work on this site. It's incredibly comprehensive, and has one of the best histories of the track I've seen. The site pays special attention to warnings about the track as well as accident procedures which should be required reading for anyone going over. The section on car rentals is also very good, as is his turn-by-turn photo-lap, although you really can't underestimate how much different it looks in person. There's a nice section on the museum located by the GP track which you shouldn't pass up. Finally, to get an idea of how often people go way past the limit, the whoops! page pretty much says it all. (The photos omit any crashes that involve serious injury.)

  • The Ringers Discussion List -- a group of enthusiasts who discuss and visit the Nürburgring on a regular basis. A friend in France got us in touch with some U.S. travelers who happened to be at the 'ring the same time as we, and through those people we arranged the absolutely essential component to a successful first day: an installation lap. We'll talk about that later. But for now I'd like to thank Gwenel, Rich, Ed, and the other Ringers who were so incredibly kind to us on our trip.

  • The Official Nürburgring Site -- there's not much here except the all-important schedule.

  • The Nürburgring Fanproject Site -- a good site in both German and English with links to local weather and other useful tips.

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How to get there

The easiest way to get to the ring is to fly into either Köln (Cologne) or Frankfurt and drive the 2.5 hours or so to the track. The official Nürburgring site has directions but you can probably use your favorite map portal as well. That said, we flew into Frankfurt on three hours sleep and missed the turn off the Autobahn. We made it almost all the way to Köln before we realized our mistake. There is a nice brown and white sign along the side of the road that you can't miss--this is where you should turn. We didn't. Oops.

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Where to stay

There are quite a few small inns and hotels around the track, several of which are actually inside the ring. There is nothing like waking up to the sound of cars being tested early in the morning while the mist still hangs low. We stayed in the Tiergarten hotel which was very reasonable at about $80 a night for a double, and it's less than a mile from the paddock. The rooms were very clean and the breakfast was tasty. At the base of the hotel there is a race-themed (what else?) restaurant run by a German/Italian couple. It's a great way to wind down the evening, have a few pints, and talk about your exploits. Or, more likely, your near misses.

And remember, driving on the track is more physical than you might imagine; you need fuel just like your car, so take and extra 15 minutes and have a good breakfast.

We arrived at the height of the tourist season, only a few weeks before Oktoberfest, and we had no trouble getting a room. However, I would recommend calling ahead, as you might not be so lucky. Do it before you leave for your trip; we had planned to call from Italy, but we were unavoidably detained for four straight days in a little town called Monza. My, how time flies.

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How to get a car

This is a conundrum. You've got three choices here:

  1. Bring your own car -- this is only really an option for either European delivery of your new car (offered by BMW, Porsche, etc.) or by shipping your car by boat. If you've got the time and the money to do this sort of thing, please take me with you next time you go.

  2. Drive a local friend's car -- not strictly a bad idea, and a better one if you don't really like your friend at all. If your buddy has a hot ride and doesn't mind you pounding on it for a few days, then more power to you! But this is an unlikely option for most people traveling from overseas. Also, consider the guilt factor if you suddenly restyle the bodywork.

  3. Rent a car -- this is the most realistic option for out-of-towners, and offers the most flexibility and freedom to the driver(s). You can rent anything from a subcompact up to a Ferrari F40 in Germany, but insurance coverage varies among the companies. Ask to see a rental agreement in English first. Pay special attention to the deposit on the collision damage waiver--this can be thousands of Euro and may not be refundable upon an accident. A good place to start (especially if you're over 30) is Avis, as you can just call their main US number and ask about specialty rentals in Germany. Cars offered include the SLK, the TT, the Boxter, and the 996.

What about auto insurance? Officially, the ring is a one-way public toll road, so the insurance on your rental car is supposed to cover you. However, I wouldn't recommend letting the rental agency know what you're planning. And again, check that contract to see if the Nürburgring is specifically mentioned. As an aside, my US insurance did not offer me any additional coverage, but yours may. Make sure you check. Crashing Porsches can get pricey. You're also liable for damage to the 'ring as well, including Armco, cleanup, and other amenities. Crashing Ferraris is even worse.

People who use their credit cards to cover auto insurance should also be very careful here. Most cards specifically exclude sports cars or vehicles over $50,000 in value. I found that my American Express Platinum didn't cover most of the cars I had in mind. My US auto insurance similarly did not offer any coverage. Make sure that you know the facts before you get behind the wheel.

So, what kind of car should you drive? This decision is should be a balance between caution, testosterone, and knowledge of your own driving ability. In a display of nothing but the second quality, Shane and I were originally aiming for the 360 F1 or an F40 (478 bhp, 2400lbs!) because, well, why not? But some very helpful and experienced ringers told us that we'd be better off in a 325 or similar. We settled on a Porsche 996, and this turned out to be (in principle) a very good decision. (For actual driving impressions, see my postscript for details.)

Why not the Ferrari? Well, the surface of the track is very bumpy and uneven in places, so cars with stiff suspensions can be harder to control. Armco may be in your future. More power is always nice, but with even 200 bhp you can get moving fast enough to scare the hell out of yourself, or at least your co-driver. What you're looking for in your first run is a high-quality and solid car that inspires confidence and control. Maybe the next trip we'll get a little crazy...

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Doing your homework

Rule number one: memorize the track. Rule number two: memorize the track. I can't stress this enough. Nearly every problem you can get yourself into stems from not knowing what is going to happen next before it happens. You may not be able to control the cars around you, or the weather, or even luck, but you can make sure that you know the course like the back of your hand. Many, if not most of the turns are blind and feature abrupt camber variation and breathtaking changes in elevation. Carrying too much speed into a single corner is all it takes to turn your day into misery. Study the track. Watch the videos. Play the simulators. Memorize the track. Or end up like the Renault on the right.

To this end, I've collected some tools that may be useful to your quest to stay alive:

  • A large map of the track

  • A large, colorful map of the track

  • An aerial photo with annotated turns

  • A series of track notes that covers about 80% of the turns (these are excellent, detailed, and very valuable)
    [ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 ]

I should note that a great tool to help learn this track is the Sierra game Grand Prix Legends, a great F1 sim from way back in 1998. It features cars and tracks from the 1967 season, and the old Nürburgring is among them along with greats like Spa and Monza before the modern era. It's the only game I know of that has the complete Nordschleife (and the small loop by the old pits just above the Südschleife). You might have to hunt around for it, but it's worth your time.

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What you should bring

It's amazing how much stuff you need on a normal trip, and how little of it you'll need at the ring. If you're just in town for driving, pack light, and leave everything nonessential at the hotel room. We had stuff sliding around the interior of the car on one of our laps; it's very distracting. Essentials for the track:

  • A great pair of sunglasses -- they must be polarized, and should not be too dark. Make sure they fit and cover your eyes as completely as possible. (In my humble opinion, Revos fit the bill perfectly.)

  • A baseball cap -- the sun gets low late in the day, and the sun visor doesn't always do the trick. It's also nice if you want to open the window at 150MPH and feel the breeze. And it helps keep the sun off you as you prowl the paddock to drool over the fine machinery that's parked all around. And if you've recently been to a sporting event, you've probably got about a dozen "cappi" to choose from.

  • A light pair of shoes -- preferably driving shoes, although you don't need to be that extreme. But heavy, bulky leather shoes are a no-no. I wore Doc Martins. Dumb. Heel-toeing was more like heel-oh-my-god-here-comes-the-armco-ing.

  • Chapstick -- sounds silly, but your lips get pretty dry when you're hauling ass. Really.

  • Money -- each lap is between 10 and 12 euro, and you can easily do 10 laps in a full day. You can buy tickets inside, but there is a dispenser outside that takes cash. There is also a nice little restaurant in the paddock which is a great place to rest between sessions, or when the track is closed for accident cleanup.

  • A digital camera -- take pictures of your exploits, but let the co-pilot do the camera work. Shane's PowerShot S110 took ridiculously good photos, and it fits in your pocket. Leave your SLR at home--it will only get bashed up anyway.

  • A video camera -- we probably shouldn't have brought one of these, as fiddling with it could have cost us time on the track. And it's funny how you drive differently when you know you're on camera. It took a while to put it out of your mind. Anyway, try to plan how you're going to mount it in the car before you arrive--holding the camera in your hands just doesn't work very well. We wound up tying down a tripod with zip ties donated to our cause by McLaren in Italy the previous day. Worked like a charm. Our Canon Elura 40MC was fantastic, and we'd like to thank Circuit City for their unbeatable 30-day rental program.

  • Optional -- a helmet, a fire extinguisher (strap it down!), driving gloves, a water bottle, a tyre pressure gauge, a pyrometer, a small set of tools, and some gum.

  • Don't bring -- a driving suit or fireproof nomex underwear. You poser.

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Arriving at the track

The paddock is divided into two areas by the restaurant and bathrooms. The BMW-sponsored "ringtaxi" office is attached to this building. The paddock is in the middle of the long back straight (Dottinger-Hohe and Antonisbuche) and is called "Grüne Hölle" (Green Hell). This is where you'll be waiting for the track to open, or in our case watching the smoke billow from our brakes after a few moderately quick laps.

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Your zeroth lap

So after watching the videos, studying the maps, reading the lists, and playing the simulators, we thought we were ready to face the track. All I can say is that nothing, absolutely nothing will prepare you for your first time around the track. I've been on a few GP circuits in my day, including tracks like Laguna Seca in Monterey, CA.

It is nothing like those courses. It is nothing like anything you've ever driven on. The track is so much bigger, so much steeper, so much faster than you can possibly imagine.

I don't think I can explain this in strong enough terms. You will be blown away. It is really an indescribable feeling as you work your way around for the first time. It looks like the track you've seen, but somehow it's completely different. And for some reason, video and pictures never communicate the vertical component of the track at all.

The first time through Flugplatz your stomach is in your throat as the rear wheels leave the ground. You are pushing desperately in the passenger footwell looking for a brake pedal as you dive into Fuchsröhre and climb up to Adenauer-Forst. Kesselchen will take your breath away, as it is pretty much flat out. As you approach Hohe Acht, which in all seriousness looks like a wall you're about to hit, you will think that the track was designed by a madman. Pflanzgarten will loose you with its long, sweeping, blind curves that meander through the forest. By the time you come sliding out of Galgenkopf onto the back straight, you feel like you've just surfaced from a deep underwater dive.

You wonder what the hell you were watching in those videos, because is couldn't possibly be what you just rode on.

It's amazing. And you don't want to be the one behind the wheel for your first lap. Get a ride with a seasoned driver. Rent a ringtaxi from the paddock (about 120 euro), or bum a ride with someone else. Most people there were very friendly and would give you a ride if you asked. For us, I can't stress how helpful it was for us to have a true ring nut, Ed Healy, take us around in his blue Williams Clio (like the one on the right). What a ride! You learn three things from this experience:

  1. The track is very confusing, and it's easy to forget where you are (and what's coming up next)
  2. It's really easy to let your car get out of control, especially over the bumps and off camber turns
  3. This guy in his tiny hot hatch will beat you in your 911 without even trying

Which leads us to that magical point when you put the ticket in the machine and pass through the starting gates for the first time...

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Your first lap

Remember the hot hatch that smokes your 911? That's because you are not fast. You're not going to be fast, and even if you were, you won't be that fast. You could be driving an F1 car (if only Toyota had said yes!) but you're still going to get beaten. We were passed by a BMW M1 in Kesselchen; we were going about 120, he was going about 170. Guys on 150HP bikes blew us away every lap. Hell, the M5 ring taxi passed us on the outside of Aremburg.

You are not fast. Learn the track, learn your car, and keep it safe. If you manage to do this, you will have more fun than you have ever had in a car, and you'll come back in one piece.

Pay attention to your mirrors. People can overtake you very quickly. Cars appear out of nowhere. Use your corner signals and let people pass on the left only.

There are lots of cars that will be slower than you, too. There will be guys poking along in their S-class Merc. There will be vans. There might be a bus. (There was.) Wait to get a blinker or hand signal to pass unless you are totally sure that there is room and that they see you coming. Remember, pass on the left only.

If you see an accident or any other problem on the track, slow down immediately and turn your hazards on. Follow the accident procedures, but above all make sure that you don't cause (or become) another accident.

Unless you rented a GT2, your car is a street car, not a race car. You can easily destroy a set of Z-rated tyres in a few laps if you are overdoing it. After the second hot lap our 911's rubber was really falling off. By the end of the session there were thick beads of rubber on the edges of the tread blocks. Car manufacturers talk about testing at the Nürburgring, but they don't talk about replacing the tyres after each lap. Pay attention to your tyres.

The same goes for your brakes. Insufficient horsepower is not a problem, it's only annoying. Insufficient braking is a problem. It's easy to get too aggressive under braking, and while two laps doesn't sound like much, it's equivalent to about 10 laps of a normal GP course. A 10-minute lap goes by in what seems like two minutes, but to your poor car it feels it like eternity. Take breaks often. Let you car cool down. If you think something is wrong, check it twice. Our 911's brake dust shield started rubbing against the back of the rotor, probably warped from the extreme heat. We had to pull the wheel and beat the shield back with the jack crank. Amateur day at the 'ring, eh?

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Your last lap

There are two ways to do your last lap:

  1. As the day draws to a close, you concentrate on the few sections of the track you keep missing. You hit one corner perfectly. You finish your lap with a smile on your face and head back to Tiergarten for a beer and a nice plate of pasta. Return your rental, get on the plane, have a cocktail and pass out.

  2. You get it in your head that lap times are important. You become frustrated as subcompacts are kicking your ass. You're convinced that you can drive like 'sideways Stephan' from Ruf. You loose your concentration and drive your shiny Porsche into the Armco. You lose $3000. And you have to pay for the Armco, too. You have to get a lift back to the airport. You break your digital camera in the crash. You have to deal with the German police. You go to bed asking yourself why you thought going too fast was so important.

I recommend option number one. Seriously, there will always be someone faster than you. The best time to drive flat out is in a car you know very well after you've done a few hundred laps on the course. There are plenty of people who get away with driving like an idiot, but there are plenty who don't. Play it safe; the money you save by not crashing will pay for you to come back in six months and do it all over again.

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Other things to do in the area

Nürburg and the surrounding little villages don't really offer that much in the way of hopping night life or entertainment, which is probably a good thing. You don't see any video arcades outside of Mecca, do you? Anyway, there are a few restaurants about, and there is a great gas station just north of the GP track that has a huge collection of minatures. You'll be filling your car up anyway, so drop by and check it out.

The best thing to do with half a day (the track is often open only in the afternoon) is visit the great museum at the GP track. Admission is 10 euro, and it's well worth your time and money. There is a guided tour via headset (5 euro, I think) that you shouldn't pass up. Ben has some pictures of the museum, but they don't convey how cool it really is. There is also a hall of BMW cars (the track is sponsored by BMW) as well as a caffeteria, a gift shop, and an indoor kart track! We didn't have time for the karts the last time around; a error we'll correct in the future.

The country side is really beautiful, and if you have time you might want to just noodle around taking it all in. Drive easy on the roads, though. The people are very friendly in the area, and are willing to try to communicate with you despite your total lack of German proficiency. We had to do some, ahem, detailing of our rental car (score one for motorcycle handles!) and we found a random petrol station to be of great service.

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Postscript: Porsche 996, shitbox extraordinaire

If you own a new Porsche 911 type 996, you should probably stop reading now. If you own a Boxter (986), you should have your Internet connection taken away forever, but that's another issue altogether.

I remember when the 996 was first released. You couldn't buy a car magazine without reading five articles about how great the new 911 was, and how much better it was than the old aircooled 993. I believe there was even some kind of competition between magazine editors to see how many positive superlatives they could fit into a single page regarding this car. It was the quintessential sports car. It was the perfect evolution of the venerable 911.

Let me be absolutely clear: I am not a professional test driver, nor do I have a tremendous amount of driving experience. I'll not pretend that I have driven even one tenth as many cars as the people who pen Car and Driver or Road & Track. But I'll be equally clear about this: the 996 is a complete piece of shit. It is easily the most underwhelming car I have ever driven.

I would have rather driven a 3 series BMW. I would rather have driven a Corvette. I would have rather driven a Mustang with its cavitating power steering rack. I would have rather driven my girlfriend's Celica. I would have rather driven my Scirocco with its coil binding springs and balding tyres.

Maybe our rental was just trashed. But could 40,000 rental miles really explain everything wrong with this car? It might excuse a rough engine or a leaky transmission, but not the fundamentals. This car never felt like a Porsche for a single second.

I've driven several 911s over the years. Early 70's, Early 80's, late 80's, early 90's. Turbos and non-turbos. All of them were fantastic cars to drive that gave you a visceral feeling of the road. When you turned the wheel it was as if your hands extended down the steering column into the tyres themselves. The cars were not easy to drive, but if you respected their style they returned the favor.

The first thing you notice as you sit down in the 996 is that the interior looks, well, cheap. Plastic where there should be metal. The shift throw is long. The seats are more comfortable than supportive. Thank god the pedals have been overhauled, but they're still not as good as an M3. And the steering wheel still isn't adjustable even after the entire car was completely redesigned. You think that if they had to make the car look like a soap bar the least they could do is give you an adjustable steering column. Seriously.

But I honestly don't care about the interior. All I want is a car that goes fast and inspires confidence.

Turn the key (still on the left, thank goodness) and it almost sounds like a real 911. And I will hand it to Porsche on this point: the engine is really fantastic. It sounds good, it's much smoother than the aircooled motor and it pulls strong right up to the redline. A big improvement over the old 3.6L. We hit the limiter quite a few times during our hot laps.

But that's where the fun ends. The traction control would engage when the car was nowhere near losing grip. The ABS would kick in at the most random times and stay engaged until you completely let off the pedal. My lowly MR2's ABS is about a hundred times better than this. Maybe it's tuned for Michigan winters or something.

The steering has almost no feedback whatsoever. The suspension, while very good over the bumps, has the more of the feeling of a touring car than a sports car. The steering used to be the high point of the 911, and now it's completely unremarkable. Booo.

When you shifted out of gear at low speed the transmission made a clanging sound like a large plate on the end of a spring. I'll chalk this up to poor maintenance, but it's still disappointing.

The brakes, the huge monobloc 4-pot calipers on 12.5" rotors, were smoking after two laps. Smoking. Cooked. Done. The 255/40/17 tyres on the rear were blistered and beaded. And the dust shield warped so much from the heat that it was dragging on the inside face of the rotor. This is a Porsche? I remember this same problem occurring my friend's Mitsubishi Eclipse. And I think that was after I wrecked it... (sorry, Brian.)

Flying down the main straight was scary. You can see in the video how the car would bob up and down and weave side to side. Maybe the alignment was off? Whatever, it really didn't make you want to go fast. At 150MPH, you wanted to hit the brakes more than anything else. Of course, the brakes were probably already on fire. Catch-22.

But you know what sealed the deal? It was the worst part of all: the door. What used to be a beautiful, solid, mechanical vault of a door system is now as hollow, plastic, and lifeless as my old Subaru RS was. Seriously. Go find a 993 and close its door a few times. Find a 996 and repeat that process. You will not think that I am nitpicking. You will begin to understand.

There were rattles. There were squeaks. The paint was peeling off the side-view mirrors, clearly a production defect. The paint seemed faded, despite the car being less than two years old.

Our car had quite a few miles on it, so maybe it was just a little beaten up. But for $70,000 I expect a little bit more. This is supposed to be a car that can take all that you can dish out. Two laps on the 'ring hardly qualifies.

We understand that for an extra $13k you can buy a "carrera package" that boosts the engine output by about 30HP. That's an expensive air filter! My advice: save the 13 grand and buy a nice used honda. You'll probably like it more than the Porsche.

Listen, if you own a 996 and you're really rather fond of it, then by all means you may conclude one of the following:

  1. Our car was a complete anomaly, probably built by trolls in a cave somewhere, and all other 996s are just as awesome as Road & Track says they are.

  2. The mileage/abuse of rental life in Germany made the interior, exterior, suspension, steering, ABS, traction control, and brakes somehow perform like those of a 10-year-old Mercedes wagon.

  3. I was smoking crack the entire time and have no idea what I am talking about1. Go directly to rehab. Do not collect $200.

I don't want to rain on the parade, but I think that anyone who takes an objective look at this car for what it truly is cannot say that it deserves to wear the Porsche badge. Sure, it's comfy and quiet and has a nice stereo and gets reasonable gas mileage and holds groceries, but if that's what you want, go buy a Mercedes. The 996 is a tragedy. I guess this is what you get from a company that quits LeMans racing to concentrate on building an SUV.

And don't get me started about that one, either.

1. To make it easier on everyone, flamers can send mail with the letter "c" as the body of their message for rapid processing2.
2. >>/dev/null

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Notes and thanks

First of all, none of this would have been possible without Richard Fabian who first showed me the Ruf CTR video some ten years ago. I have been enamoured with the Nürburgring ever since. I only hope that one day he gets to take is mint '79 930 and put it through the paces of the Green Hell. You owe it to yourself, Richard.

The trip that brought me to the 'ring was in no small part organized and made possible by Shane Garvey, my partner in crime. We both managed to keep the shiny side up and the rubber on the tarmac for two days straight, which I consider a great accomplishment. Our time in Europe was full of perks and unexpected events. And considering the fact that we were with the Jaguar team until the wee hours of the morning before arriving at the track (the party was in Milan, mind you) I think we were very fortunate. However, for the record, next time I get to be the one who is still drunk at 6:00am while you carry me through the lobby of the hotel to the taxi.

To Gwenael, Rich, Ed, and all the other ringers who helped us prepare and made our time at the track so enjoyable, thanks for your kindness. And Ed, remember to clean those brake rotors off--the vibration is really kind of scary for a first-timer.

To Ben Lovejoy, who has one of the most useful web sites I've seen on the net. He was also kind enough to discuss options with me over e-mail in preparation for our time at the 'ring. The wealth of information on his site can really make the difference between a great trip and a disaster. Your tireless work is appreciated; keep it up.

To McLaren International, for their selfless donation of several nylon tie wraps that made our A/V efforts possible. And to Damien, our driver, who helped us out with McLaren logistics. May you never have to drive Ron Dennis in the fog ever again. Remember, it's your license.

To our rental car company, who gave us a shitty 911--and had the class not to complain when we brought it back in even worse condition. Perhaps there is justice in the world.

To my girlfriend, who let me go despite the knowledge that I am an idiot who cannot be trusted.

And finally, to Germany, for being a fantastic country and home to the greatest race track in the world. May the 'ring live forever.

See you there next time!

Photo credits: 1, 4, 6, and aerial photo from Ben Lovejoy's site. Photo 3 from Hotel am Tiergarten. Photo 13 originally courtesy of Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, modified to reflect reality. All copyrighted photos and maps are reproduced for educational use only. All other photos © Copyright 2002 Christopher Heiser, heiser.net.

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